The prevalence and distribution of the variants of Gantzer’s muscle: a meta-analysis of cadaveric studies / 대한해부학회지

The Gantzer’s muscle is often present in the flexor compartment of the forearm. It lies underneath flexor digitorum superficialis and compresses the anterior interosseous nerve. Furthermore, this muscle frequently bestows an accessory muscle of flexor pollicis longus or flexor digitorum profundus, or sometimes together. The current meta-analysis aims to compute the prevalence of subtypes of Gantzer’s muscle. Major electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, etc.) were searched for title and abstract. After removing the duplicate citations, the titles/abstracts were shortlisted with the help of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The shortlisted titles/abstracts were downloaded or collected from the library. The data of all subtypes of Gantzer’s muscle were pooled from shortlisted published manuscripts for meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of other anatomical characteristics was also observed. A total of 59 cadaveric studies of sample size 5,903 were evaluated for pooled prevalence of flexor pollicis longus (accessory head). Similarly, the authors evaluated 14 studies of 1,627 upper limbs for flexor digitorum profundus (accessory head). The unit of analysis was per 100 upper limbs. The Pooled prevalence of accessory muscle of flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus were 48% (95% CI, 44%–52%) and 17% (95% CI, 13%–21%), respectively. The Gantzer’s muscle is present in 2/3rd of the upper limbs. Accessory head of flexor pollicis longus is almost three times more common than the accessory head of flexor digitorum profundus. A classification of Gantzer’s muscle is needed to reduce the ignorance of these variants.

The lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) sacrum with negligible sacral kyphosis: a case report with an evolutionary review

Monkey and other hominids species have 5 sacral segments in 10% cases. The similar frequencies for each 6-segmented and 4-segmented sacra in human are known as lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra (LSTV). Achieving the erect posture in human has necessitated much skeletal modification, but these are more apparent in the lumbosacral region. Sacral kyphosis is a distinguishing feature of the human sacrum, which helps to differentiate them from the animal. The monkey has a sacral index near 80, and humans a sacral index is near 100. The sacral index was 88 in six-segmented sacra with negligible sacral kyphosis, having sacralisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra. Therefore, SI is 88 and lack of sacral kyphosis challenge its human origin. On the contrary, gross morphology, actual sacral index, and comparison with apes gave sufficient evidence of human origin. Later excluding 5th Lumbar vertebra, the sacral index is 107.34 and might belong to a male which corresponds with bone bank record

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A large thymic mass with persistent active tissue in an elderly cadaver / 대한해부학회지

Thymus is an encapsulated organ having its bilateral origin from the third pharyngeal pouch. It appears to be a single organ but actually it is bilobed. It attains its maximum development at puberty and then it begins to involute. The parenchyma is replaced by adipocytes and lymphocyte production declines. Here we present a large thymus with a small area of persistent active tissue in it which was obtained during routine undergraduate dissection class. Tissues taken from different quadrants of the large thymic mass were processed, embedded in paraffin and sections were taken for hematoxylin and eosin staining which showed presence of thymic tissue in only one quadrant. Further sections from that quadrant was treated with cytokeratin to confirm its epithelial origin. Therefore knowledge of a large persistent thymus will be helpful to the radiologists and surgeons for making differential diagnosis and in avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention.